ABSTRACT
Purpose: To evaluate the correlation of Meiboscale with symptom score (Ocular Surface Disease Index [OSDI]) and meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) sign score. Methods: We performed a cross?sectional hospital?based study of 53 patients of primary MGD who filled the OSDI questionnaire form and underwent complete ocular examination. The MGD sign score was calculated in both eyes using the sum of six grading systems proposed by Arita et al. in 2016. The participants underwent imaging of the upper and lower eyelids of both eyes (212 eyelids) by specular microscope. The area of meibomian gland loss (MGL) was visually assessed and scored using the Meiboscale photographic card. Correlation between these three values – OSDI score, sign score, and MGL score based on Meiboscale ? was calculated using Spearman’s correlation analysis and Jonckheere– Terpstra (J–T) test. Correlation coefficient rs > 0.5 was considered clinically significant. Results: Associations between MGL score and OSDI score, as well as between OSDI and sign score were statistically significant, but not clinically significant (rs = 0.3684, P < 0.001 and rs = 0.41179, P < 0.001, respectively). The association between MGL score and MGD sign score was statistically as well as clinically significant (rs = 0.8392, P < 0.001). J–T test revealed large effect size (P < 0.001, r?effect = 0.93). Conclusion: The Meiboscale card had not been tested for utility in the Indian outpatient setting yet. Meiboscale can be used for reliable assessment and grading of MGD, and has clinical utility similar to the sum of six MGD sign scores. Additionally, assessment of symptoms using OSDI or a similar questionnaire is also recommended.
ABSTRACT
Purpose: To study the effect of refractive errors on pattern visual evoked potential (VEP) recordings in the pediatric population. Methods: This cross?sectional observational study assessed 240 eyes of 120 participants attending the outpatient department of a tertiary care center in North India. Participants were between 8 and 18 years of age; 30 participants each were recruited into four groups, namely emmetropia, myopia, hypermetropia, and amblyopia. They were then subjected to pattern reversal VEP, with P?100 amplitude and latency recorded for each participant. Results: The emmetropic group in this study provided normal values of P?100 parameters, namely P?100 latency and P?100 amplitude with readings of 115.78 ± 10.19 ms and 11.11 ± 4.08 ?V, respectively. P?100 amplitude was significant compared to P?100 latency in detecting the presence or absence of a specific type of refractive error. It was found that there was a significant association between severity of myopia and P?100 latency (both unaided and aided) with P < 0.05. The severity of hypermetropia showed a significant association with P?100 amplitude (unaided) (P < 0.05). Receiver operating characteristics analysis revealed P?100 amplitude to be a good predictor of refractive error and the cut?offs were calculated. Conclusion: The P?100 parameters of the pediatric Indian population were comparatively higher than conventional values. P?100 latency seemed to better correlate with myopia, while hypermetropia correlated with P?100 amplitude. P?100 amplitude appears to be the most significant predictor of the presence of refractive error in an individual.
ABSTRACT
Purpose: To estimate prevalence of common ocular morbidities including color blindness among school?attending children of an urban foothill town of Uttarakhand State in Northern India. Methods: A cross?sectional study was conducted among school?going children of age group 6–16 years of standard I– XII. Schools were selected using population proportionate to the size sampling technique. Detailed ocular examination including color vision and unaided or aided visual acuity for various ocular morbidities was done. Data was entered into MS excel with statistical analysis using SPSS version 23 with significant P value <0.05. Results: In total, 13,492 students (mean age 10.9 ± 2.7 years) with almost equal male to female ratio were screened. Overall prevalence of ocular morbidity was 23.2%, with refractive error (18.5%) on top, followed by color blindness (2.2%). The later was observed more among males (3.0%) as compared to females (1.4%) with significantly higher odds, OR = 2.3 (1.7–2.9) (P < 0.001). Conclusion: Refractive error has been the most common ocular morbidity, followed by color blindness. Earliest detection can prevent permanent disability and disappointment among youngsters when rejected from entering certain professions due to color vision defect
ABSTRACT
Background: Dry eye produces discomfort and reduced vision. The treatment of dry eyes has traditionally involved hydrating and lubricating artifi cial tears. The newer medications include non-steroidal anti-infl ammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for the treatment of dry eye disorders. This study was designed to compare the effect of topical carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) alone or in combination with topical NSAID for the treatment of dry eye in a tertiary care teaching hospital. Methods: A total of 60 patients diagnosed with dry eye were enrolled for a study period of 1 year. Patient of either sex (male/female), age between 18 and 70 years, and all diagnosed cases of dry eye in ophthalmology outpatient department were selected. Patients (n=60) were stabilized on CMC for 2 weeks and thereafter divided into two groups. Group I (n=30) received only topical CMC; Group II (n=30) received CMC+NSAID. The patients were followed up to 12 weeks. Diagnostic tests included Schirmer’s test and tear break up time (TBUT). Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) was used for assessing the Quality of Life. Analysis was done using GraphPad InStat software. p<0.05 was considered signifi cant. Results: This was an open-label study revealing a mean age of 46.0±1.79 years. Females (56.67%) showed a signifi cantly higher prevalence of dry eye symptoms compared to males (43.33%). The mean duration of illness was 1.95±0.16 years. Schirmer’s test, TBUT test values and OSDI score in Group I and Group II at 0 and 12 weeks revealed signifi cant intragroup difference (p<0.0001). At 12 weeks intergroup comparison in Schirmer’s test value (p>0.05) and TBUT test value (p>0.05) showed no signifi cant difference while OSDI score revealed signifi cant difference (p<0.05). Burning, stinging, blurring of vision, photophobia, and hyperemia were among the common adverse effects seen. Conclusion: Both groups showed signifi cant improvement in Schirmer’s test and TBUT test value and OSDI score at the end of the study. Intergroup comparison showed a signifi cant difference with reference to OSDI score. Patients receiving NSAID reported more adverse effects.